Portfolio Optimisation, Tangency Portfolio and CML -- shorts allowed

I wish I could document this better, but let me get the code out first. The data used by the program shown in this post is available in a CSV file that can be created in the manner shown in an earlier post.

setwd("C:/Users/admin/Desktop/Data Analytics/QuantitativeFinance/QFLabs")
getwd()
##baseData <- read.csv("US5.csv")
baseData <- read.csv("India5.csv")
N0 <- ncol(baseData)
Close <- baseData[, 3:N0]
logRet <- log(head(Close, -1) / tail(Close, -1))
Retn <- colMeans(logRet)
Risk <- diag(var(logRet))
RiskReturn <- as.data.frame(t(rbind(Retn,Risk)))

library(ggplot2)

plot1 <- ggplot(data = RiskReturn,aes(x = Risk, y = Retn) )
plot1 <- plot1 + geom_point()
plot1 <- plot1 + xlab("Risk / Variance") + ylab("Daily Returns") + ggtitle("Risk/Returns")
plot1

# using portfolio.optim 
library(tseries)
w0 <- portfolio.optim(as.matrix(logRet),pm = 0.005,shorts = TRUE,riskless= FALSE)
w0$pw
sum(w0$pw)

# understanding the code

library(quadprog)

# the basic function that calculates the min variance portfolio with NO SHORTS

rOptPort10 <- function(hRets,pRet){
  Dmat <- 2*cov(hRets)
  dvec <- rep(0,ncol(hRets))
  Amat <- cbind(rep(1,ncol(hRets)),colMeans(hRets))
  bvec <- c(1,pRet)
  result <- solve.QP(Dmat = Dmat, dvec = dvec, Amat = Amat, bvec = bvec, meq =2)
  wP <- result$solution
  varP <- result$value
  retList <- list(wP,varP)
  names(retList) <- c("wP","varP")
  return(retList)
}

# testing out the function with expected return

z <- rOptPort10(logRet,0.005)

z$wP
z$varP
sum(z$wP)

# here we create the Efficient Frontier for a given range of returns

EFMinVar10 <- function(hRets, minRet, maxRet){
  smuP <- seq(minRet,maxRet,length=50)
  svarP <- sapply(smuP,function(x) rOptPort10(hRets,x)$varP)
  EffF <- as.data.frame(cbind(smuP,svarP))  
  minVar <- min(EffF$svarP)
  L <- EffF$svarP == minVar
  minRet <- EffF[L,]$smuP
  minPoint <- as.data.frame(cbind(minRet,minVar))
  minVarwP <- rOptPort10(hRets,minRet)$wP
  rList <-list(EffF,minPoint,minVarwP)
  names(rList) <- c("EFF","minPoint","wP")
  return(rList)
}

# We use the above function to get the points of the Efficient Frontier
# and numerically detect the point of minimum variance

z10 <- EFMinVar10(logRet,-0.005,.005)
z10$wp
cminRet <- (z10$minPoint)$minRet
z11 <- rOptPort10(logRet,cminRet)
z11$wP

# This function plots the Efficient Frontier and showing the point of minimum variance

EFMinVar10Plot <- function(list1){
  
  plot2 <- ggplot(data = list1$EFF,aes(x = svarP, y = smuP) )
  plot2 <- plot2 + geom_point()
  plot2 <- plot2 + geom_point(data = list1$minPoint, aes(x = minVar,y = minRet),color = "red", size=3)
  plot2 <- plot2 + xlab("Variance") + ylab("Returns") + ggtitle("Efficient Frontier - MinVar")
  plot2
}

EFMinVar10Plot(z10)
cminRet <- (z10$minPoint)$minRet 

z10a <- EFMinVar10(logRet,min(0,cminRet),0.001)
EFMinVar10Plot(z10a)


# This function calculates the Max Sharpe Ratio
# and the Tangency Portfolio weights

EFSharpe10 <- function(hRets, minRet, maxRet,RF){
  smuP <- seq(minRet,maxRet,length=50)
  svarP <- sapply(smuP,function(x) rOptPort10(hRets,x)$varP)
  sharpe <- (smuP-RF)/svarP
  EFF <- as.data.frame(cbind(smuP,svarP,sharpe,RF))
  L <- EFF$sharpe == max(EFF$sharpe)
  maxSharpe <- EFF[L,]
  wTP <- rOptPort10(hRets,maxSharpe$smuP)$wP
  rList <-list(EFF,maxSharpe,wTP)
  names(rList) <- c("EFF","maxSharpe","wTP")
  return(rList)
}

z11 <- EFSharpe10(logRet,min(0,cminRet),0.001,0.0001)
z11$wTP
sum(z11$wTP)
(z11$maxSharpe)$smuP
(z11$maxSharpe)$svarP
maxSharpeRet <- (z11$maxSharpe)$smuP

# This function plots the Efficient Fronter and shows
# The Tangency Point and the Capital Market Line

EFSharpe10Plot <- function(list1){
 
  
  plot2 <- ggplot(data = list1$EFF,aes(x = svarP, y = smuP) )
  plot2 <- plot2 + geom_point()
  plot2 <- plot2 + geom_point(data = list1$maxSharpe, aes(x = svarP,y = smuP),colour = "red", pch =24, size=3)
  plot2 <- plot2 + geom_point(data = list1$maxSharpe, aes(x = 0,y = RF),color = "red", pch =24, size=3)
  plot2 <- plot2 + xlab("Variance") + ylab("Returns") + ggtitle("Efficient Frontier - Sharpe")
  plot2 <- plot2 + geom_abline(intercept = (list1$maxSharpe)$RF, slope = (list1$maxSharpe)$sharpe, colour = "red")
  plot2
}

EFSharpe10Plot(z11)

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DONT PANIC ! This 20 minute video will explain what this code is doing


What does negative weights mean ? It means short selling. So what is short selling ? Let us explain.

If you have a Rs 100 you can invest Rs 80 in Stock A and Rs 20 in Stock B and so the weights are (0.8, 0.2). Note that the weights add up to 1.

 But through a process known as short selling, you could sell Rs 80 worth of Stock B [ that you do not have, at the moment ] get Rs 80. To this you add the Rs 100 that you have and invest Rs 180 [ Rs 100 + Rs 80 ] in Stock A. In this case your weights are (180,-80) or (1.8 and -0.8) and you would note that weights add up to 1 again.

Why would you do short selling ? There are many reasons. For example, you may believe that Stock A will give you very high returns. Also if you sell "short", that is sell shares that you do not have, you will have to, at some point in future, or in the next "period" buy the shares from the market and deliver it to the person to whom you had sold the shares.